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Open in the explorerOrganisations (23)Events

Production, refining and reserves

CommodityMetricValueWorld rank · shareSource
Rare earthsMine production 20252,600 t REO#8 · 0.7%USGS MCS 2026
Rare earthsReserves 20253.8 million t REO#4 · 5%USGS MCS 2026
CobaltMine production 20257,700 t Co content#3 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
CobaltRefinery production 20251,500 t Co content—IEA Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (Critical Minerals Dataset, July 2026)
CobaltReserves 2025800,000 t Co content#3 · 7%USGS MCS 2026
LithiumMine production 20072,200 t Li content—USGS MCS 2008
CopperMine production 20251.3 million t Cu content#5 · 6%USGS MCS 2026
CopperRefinery production 2025950,000 t Cu content#5 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
CopperReserves 202580 million t Cu content#5 · 8%USGS MCS 2026
NickelMine production 2025200,000 t Ni content#3 · 5%USGS MCS 2026
NickelRefinery production 2025123,000 t Ni content—IEA Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (Critical Minerals Dataset, July 2026)
NickelReserves 20258.3 million t Ni content#4 · 6%USGS MCS 2026
Graphite (natural)Mine production 202525,000 t natural graphite#6 · 1%USGS MCS 2026
Graphite (natural)Reserves 202514 million t natural graphite#6 · 5%USGS MCS 2026
GalliumRefinery production 20256,000 kg Ga content#2 · 0.7%USGS MCS 2026
GermaniumRefinery production 20215,000 kg Ge content (refined)#2 · 4%USGS MCS 2022
BoronMine production 202580,000 t datolite ore—USGS MCS 2026
BoronReserves 202540 million t (basis not stated)—USGS MCS 2026
AntimonyMine production 202532,000 t Sb content#2 · 29%USGS MCS 2026
AntimonyReserves 2025350,000 t Sb content#2 · 18%USGS MCS 2026
FluorsparMine production 201420,000 t fluorspar—USGS MCS 2015
FluorsparResources 200818 million t fluorspar#4 · 4%USGS MCS 2009
BariteMine production 2025230,000 t barite#9 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
BariteReserves 202512 million t barite—USGS MCS 2026
MagnesiteMine production 20251.7 million t gross weight magnesite#3 · 8%USGS MCS 2026
MagnesiteReserves 20252,300 million t gross weight magnesite#1 · 29%USGS MCS 2026
PlatinumMine production 202520,000 kg Pt content#2 · 12%USGS MCS 2026
PlatinumRefinery production 202320,647 kg Pt content#6 · 8%USGS Minerals Yearbook 2023 (platinum-group metals, tables-only release), table 6
PalladiumMine production 202584,000 kg Pd content#1 · 44%USGS MCS 2026
PalladiumRefinery production 202383,725 kg Pd content#2 · 26%USGS Minerals Yearbook 2023 (platinum-group metals, tables-only release), table 6
TinMine production 20254,500 t Sn content#12 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
TinReserves 2025460,000 t Sn content#6 · 8%USGS MCS 2026
TungstenMine production 20252,000 t W content#5 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
TungstenReserves 2025400,000 t W content#3 · 9%USGS MCS 2026
ZincMine production 2025430,000 t Zn content#8 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
ZincReserves 202529 million t Zn content#3 · 12%USGS MCS 2026
BauxiteMine production 20255.7 million t bauxite (dry equivalent weight)#8 · 1%USGS MCS 2026
BauxiteReserves 2025650 million t bauxite (dry equivalent weight)#9 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
AluminaRefinery production 20252.9 million t alumina (calcined equivalent weight)#5 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
AluminiumRefinery production 20253.9 million t primary aluminium (smelter production)#3 · 5%USGS MCS 2026
VanadiumMine production 202521,000 t V content#2 · 19%USGS MCS 2026
VanadiumReserves 20255 million t V content#3 · 24%USGS MCS 2026
Titanium (ilmenite)Mine production 201640,000 t TiO2 content—USGS MCS 2017
Titanium spongeRefinery production 202525,000 t titanium sponge metal#3 · 7%USGS MCS 2026
NiobiumMine production 2025300 t Nb content#4 · 0.3%USGS MCS 2026
NiobiumReserves 20253,000 t Nb content#5 · 0%USGS MCS 2026
TantalumMine production 202530 t Ta content#8 · 1%USGS MCS 2026
TantalumReserves 2025150 t Ta content—USGS MCS 2026
Phosphate rockMine production 202514 million t marketable phosphate rock (gross weight)#4 · 6%USGS MCS 2026
Phosphate rockReserves 20252,400 million t marketable phosphate rock (gross weight)#5 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
SiliconRefinery production 2025420,000 t Si content (ferrosilicon)#2 · 8%USGS MCS 2026
MolybdenumMine production 20251,300 t Mo content#12 · 0.5%USGS MCS 2026
MolybdenumReserves 20251.1 million t Mo content#4 · 6%USGS MCS 2026
LeadMine production 2025260,000 t Pb content#5 · 6%USGS MCS 2026
LeadReserves 20258.9 million t Pb content#3 · 9%USGS MCS 2026
ThoriumResources 201455,000 t Th—OECD-NEA/IAEA Red Book 2014 (Uranium 2014), Table 1.17
UraniumMine production 20232,600 t U content#6 · 5%NEA/IAEA Red Book 2024 (Uranium 2024), Table 1.18
UraniumResources 2023652,500 t U content#4 · 8%NEA/IAEA Red Book 2024 (Uranium 2024), Table 1.2a, <USD 260/kgU
BismuthRefinery production 20174 t Bi (refined metal)—USGS MCS 2018
IndiumRefinery production 20255 t In (refined)#7 · 0.5%USGS MCS 2026
IndiumReserves 200780 t In content#5 · 0.7%USGS MCS 2008
TelluriumRefinery production 202567 t Te content (refined)#2 · 7%USGS MCS 2026
TelluriumReserves 20245,800 t Te content#1 · 17%USGS MCS 2025
BerylliumMine production 200440 t Be content—USGS MCS 2005
RheniumMine production 20131,500 kg Re content—USGS MCS 2014
RheniumReserves 2025310,000 kg Re content—USGS MCS 2026
SeleniumRefinery production 2025320 t Se content (refined)#3 · 8%USGS MCS 2026
SeleniumReserves 202426,000 t Se content#1 · 28%USGS MCS 2025
Platinum-group metalsReserves 202511 million kg PGM content#2 · 14%USGS MCS 2026
Magnesium metalRefinery production 202560,000 t primary magnesium metal (smelter production)#2 · 5%USGS MCS 2026
Iron oreMine production 202586 million t usable iron ore#6 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
Iron oreReserves 202535,000 million t crude ore#2 · 18%USGS MCS 2026
ArsenicRefinery production 2025500 t arsenic trioxide (gross weight)#5 · 0.8%USGS MCS 2026
HeliumMine production 202518 million m3 helium#3 · 9%USGS MCS 2026
HeliumReserves 20251,700 million m3 helium—USGS MCS 2026
CadmiumRefinery production 20251,000 t Cd metal#7 · 4%USGS MCS 2026
CadmiumReserves 201344,000 t Cd content#4 · 9%USGS MCS 2014
MercuryMine production 201350 t Hg content#4 · 3%USGS MCS 2014
SilverMine production 20251,200 t Ag content#7 · 5%USGS MCS 2026
SilverReserves 202592,000 t Ag content#2 · 15%USGS MCS 2026
PotashMine production 202510 million t K2O equivalent#2 · 20%USGS MCS 2026
PotashReserves 20252,000 million t K2O equivalent#1 · 34%USGS MCS 2026
SulfurRefinery production 20257.5 million t S content#3 · 9%USGS MCS 2026
LimeRefinery production 202512 million t lime#4 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
FeldsparMine production 2025650,000 t feldspar#9 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
GoldMine production 2025310 t Au content#2 · 9%USGS MCS 2026
GoldReserves 202512,000 t Au content#2 · 18%USGS MCS 2026
IodineMine production 20258 t I content#7 · 0%USGS MCS 2026
IodineReserves 2025120,000 t I content#5 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
Nitrogen (ammonia)Refinery production 202515 million t N content (ammonia)#3 · 9%USGS MCS 2026
AsbestosMine production 2025310,000 t asbestos#1 · 32%USGS MCS 2026
AsbestosReserves 2025110 million t asbestos#1 · 73%USGS MCS 2026
BentoniteMine production 202540,000 t bentonite#11 · 0.2%USGS MCS 2026
KaolinMine production 20255 million t kaolin#4 · 10%USGS MCS 2026
Diamond (industrial)Mine production 202516 million carats#1 · 42%USGS MCS 2026
Diamond (industrial)Reserves 2025750 million carats#1 · 44%USGS MCS 2026
DiatomiteMine production 202550,000 t diatomite#12 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
GypsumMine production 20254.3 million t gypsum#13 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
Mica (scrap and flake)Mine production 2016100,000 t scrap and flake mica—USGS MCS 2017
Mica (sheet)Mine production 20161,500 t sheet mica—USGS MCS 2017
PeatMine production 20251.8 million t peat#5 · 11%USGS MCS 2026
PeatReserves 20251,000 million t peat#3 · 8%USGS MCS 2026
SaltMine production 20257 million t salt#10 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
Sand and gravel (industrial)Mine production 20257.3 million t industrial sand and gravel#10 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
VermiculiteMine production 202540,000 t vermiculite#5 · 9%USGS MCS 2026
Zeolites (natural)Mine production 2025130,000 t natural zeolites#5 · 10%USGS MCS 2026

Policies and export measures

Policy tracker →

  • Date n/a · export control

    Government Decree No. 1544 restricting exports of enriched uranium to the United States

    Adds uranium enriched in U-235 (HS 2844 20) to the annex of Decree No. 313 of 2022 listing goods subject to export restrictions. Exports to the United States, or under contracts with persons registered in US jurisdiction, are allowed only under one-off licences from the Federal Service for Technical and Export Control.

    Source: Official Internet Portal of Legal Information (publication.pravo.gov.ru)

Trade in critical minerals

Exports 2024$26 bn

  1. Aluminium$7.3 bnto China 52%, South Korea 12%, Türkiye 11% · 43 more
  2. Copper$5.7 bnto China 76%, Türkiye 9%, Kazakhstan 8% · 7 more
  3. Potash$4.6 bnto Brazil 35%, China 27%, United States of America 10% · 56 more
  4. Palladium$2.9 bnto United States of America 30%, China 22%, Hong Kong 13% · 6 more
  5. Nickel$2.3 bnto China 55%, Finland 29%, Germany 5% · 28 more
  6. Lead$684 mto China 91%, South Korea 7%, Türkiye 1% · 6 more
  7. Platinum$512 mto China 36%, Hong Kong 31%, Armenia 31% · 1 more
  8. Zinc$449 mto China 59%, Kazakhstan 35%, South Korea 4% · 6 more

and 36 more commodities

Imports 2024$4.2 bn

  1. Alumina$2.2 bnfrom China 40%, Indonesia 19%, Ireland 17% · 13 more
  2. Copper$530 mfrom Kazakhstan 47%, Finland 40%, Kyrgyzstan 11% · 6 more
  3. Zinc$371 mfrom Kazakhstan 83%, Uzbekistan 17%, Türkiye 1% · 2 more
  4. Manganese*$201 mfrom China 55%, Kazakhstan 41%, India 4% · 5 more
  5. Molybdenum$188 mfrom Armenia 62%, China 30%, India 6% · 6 more
  6. Chromium$151 mfrom Kazakhstan 86%, China 7%, Germany 3% · 6 more
  7. Aluminium$76 mfrom India 66%, Kazakhstan 24%, China 7% · 6 more
  8. Phosphate rock$73 mfrom Kazakhstan 100%, China 0%, Uzbekistan 0% · 1 more

and 32 more commodities

Trade values in current US dollars (ores, concentrates, intermediates, chemicals and refined metal), not prices. * Includes HS codes that also cover other products. Source: CEPII BACI (HS22), Etalab Open Licence 2.0 — details.

Fiscal regime for mining

InstrumentApplies toRateLegal basis
RoyaltyCopper, Nickel, Cobalt, Zinc, Lead, Tin, Tungsten, Molybdenum, AntimonyMineral extraction tax (НДПИ) on conditioned non-ferrous metal ores (except nepheline and bauxite) and on multicomponent complex ores and their components other than precious and rare metals (outside Krasnoyarsk Krai): base rate 8% x KRENTA 3.5 = 28%; 8% where KRENTA = 1 (new deposits under SZPK/SPIC). Also multiplied by the territory coefficient Ktd (Art. 342(2.2), 342.3) for qualifying Far East / Arctic projects. Tungsten ores in Zabaikalsky, Primorsky and Buryatia and Pb-Zn ores in Primorsky could keep KRENTA 1 under employment-preservation agreements (until 2030)28%value of extracted mineral (commodity ore / mineral product), Art. 338, 340Налоговый кодекс Российской Федерации, часть вторая (Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Part Two, No. 117-FZ of 5 Aug 2000), ch. 26 Налог на добычу полезных ископаемых · Art. 342(2)(8); Art. 342.8in force 2021-11-29
RoyaltyCopper, Nickel, Platinum-group metals, Cobalt, GoldMulticomponent complex ore containing copper, nickel and/or PGMs mined in Krasnoyarsk Krai (Norilsk): RUB 1 per tonne x KMKR, where KMKR = (sum of metal content x world price x (1 - 0.15)) x 0.06 x USD/RUB rate, i.e. 6% of the payable value of contained metals; minimum KMKR 2,555 RUB/t (Art. 342.10(2)); KMKR 730 or 0 for qualifying new deposits; KRENTA 1 (0.2 for low-grade new projects under SZPK). Krasnoyarsk complex ore without Cu/Ni/PGM: RUB 270/t6%value of contained copper, nickel, palladium, other PGMs, gold and cobalt per tonne of ore at average world prices, less 15% processing losses (formula for coefficient KMKR)Налоговый кодекс Российской Федерации, часть вторая (Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Part Two, No. 117-FZ of 5 Aug 2000), ch. 26 Налог на добычу полезных ископаемых · Art. 342(2)(16)-(17); Art. 342.10in force 2024-07-12
RoyaltyManganese, ChromiumConditioned ferrous metal ores other than iron ore: base rate 4.8% x KRENTA 3.5 = 16.8%, further multiplied by Kpodz (0.25 for mainly underground deposits, otherwise 1, Art. 342.1); 4.8% where KRENTA = 1. Iron ore is taxed separately at RUB 1/t x price-linked coefficient KZhR (Art. 342(2)(3.1), 342.9)16.8%value of extracted mineral (commodity ore / mineral product), Art. 338, 340Налоговый кодекс Российской Федерации, часть вторая (Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Part Two, No. 117-FZ of 5 Aug 2000), ch. 26 Налог на добычу полезных ископаемых · Art. 342(2)(3); Art. 342.1; Art. 342.8in force 2021-11-29
RoyaltyLithium, Rare earths, Beryllium, Niobium, Tantalum, Germanium, RheniumOres of rare metals forming their own deposits, and these rare metals as by-products: base rate 4.8% x KRENTA 3.5 = 16.8%, multiplied by Krm = 0.1 for 120 monthly tax periods from first extraction for lithium, beryllium, scandium, yttrium, the lanthanides, germanium, niobium, tantalum and rhenium (Art. 342.7), i.e. 1.68% (0.48% with KRENTA 1) during that period; Krm 1 for other rare metals and thereafter. Murmansk Ti-Nb-Ta-REE ores could keep KRENTA 1 under an employment-preservation agreement16.8%value of extracted mineral (commodity ore / mineral product), Art. 338, 340Налоговый кодекс Российской Федерации, часть вторая (Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Part Two, No. 117-FZ of 5 Aug 2000), ch. 26 Налог на добычу полезных ископаемых · Art. 342(2)(3); Art. 342.7; Art. 342.8in force 2021-11-29
RoyaltyBauxiteNepheline and bauxite: base rate 5.5% x KRENTA 3.5 = 19.25%; 5.5% where KRENTA = 119.25%value of extracted mineral (commodity ore / mineral product), Art. 338, 340Налоговый кодекс Российской Федерации, часть вторая (Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Part Two, No. 117-FZ of 5 Aug 2000), ch. 26 Налог на добычу полезных ископаемых · Art. 342(2)(4); Art. 342.8in force 2021-11-29
RoyaltyUranium, ThoriumRadioactive metal raw materials: 5.5%; KRENTA fixed at 1 for this item (Art. 342.8(3)(2))5.5%value of extracted mineral (commodity ore / mineral product), Art. 338, 340Налоговый кодекс Российской Федерации, часть вторая (Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Part Two, No. 117-FZ of 5 Aug 2000), ch. 26 Налог на добычу полезных ископаемых · Art. 342(2)(4); Art. 342.8(3)(2)in force 2021-11-29
RoyaltyGold, Silver, Platinum, PalladiumConcentrates and other semi-products containing precious metals: 6%; KRENTA fixed at 1 (Art. 342.8(3)(2)). Precious metals other than gold that are components of multicomponent complex ore: 6.5% x KRENTA 3.5 (Art. 342(2)(6))6%value of chemically pure precious metal contained in the concentrate or semi-product (incl. ligature gold) at average world prices (Art. 340(5))Налоговый кодекс Российской Федерации, часть вторая (Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Part Two, No. 117-FZ of 5 Aug 2000), ch. 26 Налог на добычу полезных ископаемых · Art. 342(2)(5)-(6); Art. 342.8(3)(2)in force 2025-02-28
RoyaltyPhosphate rockApatite-nepheline, apatite and phosphorite ores: RUB 1/t x KFR, where KFR = price x 0.04 x (P2O5/0.315) x rate + (price - USD 200) x 0.12 x (P2O5/0.315) x rate; i.e. 4% of the price-equivalent value plus 12% of the part of the price above USD 200/t (marginal). Apatite-staffelite, apatite-magnetite and low-iron apatite ores taxed by the same coefficient (Art. 342(2)(18))4-16 sliding scalephosphate-rock price equivalent: Phosphate rock 68-70% BPL FOB Morocco price x P2O5 content / 0.315 x USD/RUB rateНалоговый кодекс Российской Федерации, часть вторая (Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Part Two, No. 117-FZ of 5 Aug 2000), ch. 26 Налог на добычу полезных ископаемых · Art. 342(2)(19); Art. 342.15in force 2024-07-12
Corporate income tax (mining)All mineralsCorporate profit tax 25%: 8% to the federal budget in 2025-2030 (7% otherwise) and 17% to regional budgets (18% after 2030); regions may lower their part for regional investment project and special investment contract participants. No mining-specific rate25%налоговая база (taxable profit)Налоговый кодекс Российской Федерации, часть вторая (Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Part Two, No. 117-FZ of 5 Aug 2000), ch. 26 Налог на добычу полезных ископаемых · Art. 284(1)in force 2025-01-01

Rates and terms as set in the cited law or regulation; agreements with individual projects can differ. Not legal or tax advice.

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