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Türkiye

Open in the explorerOrganisations (46)Events

Production, refining and reserves

CommodityMetricValueWorld rank · shareSource
CobaltMine production 20251,900 t Co content#11 · 0.6%USGS MCS 2026
CobaltReserves 202591,000 t Co content#10 · 0.8%USGS MCS 2026
CopperMine production 2022115,000 t Cu content#21 · 0.5%USGS Minerals Yearbook 2022 (copper), table 20
NickelMine production 20239,800 t Ni content#20 · 0.3%USGS Minerals Yearbook 2023 (nickel, tables-only release), table 10
Graphite (natural)Mine production 20252,200 t natural graphite#12 · 0.1%USGS MCS 2026
Graphite (natural)Reserves 20256.9 million t natural graphite#9 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
BoronMine production 20251.5 million t refined borates—USGS MCS 2026
BoronReserves 2025950 million t (basis not stated)—USGS MCS 2026
ChromiumMine production 20259 million t gross weight (chromite ore)#2 · 18%USGS MCS 2026
ChromiumReserves 202527 million t gross weight (chromite ore)#6 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
AntimonyMine production 20253,000 t Sb content#6 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
AntimonyReserves 202599,000 t Sb content#7 · 5%USGS MCS 2026
BariteMine production 2025260,000 t barite#8 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
BariteReserves 202534 million t barite—USGS MCS 2026
ManganeseMine production 2023102,000 t manganese ore (gross weight)#19 · 0.2%USGS Minerals Yearbook 2023 (manganese), table 6
MagnesiteMine production 20251.6 million t gross weight magnesite#4 · 8%USGS MCS 2026
MagnesiteReserves 2025110 million t gross weight magnesite#7 · 1%USGS MCS 2026
ZincMine production 2023130,000 t Zn content#15 · 1%USGS Minerals Yearbook 2023 (zinc, tables-only release), table 16
BauxiteMine production 20253.8 million t bauxite (dry equivalent weight)#11 · 0.9%USGS MCS 2026
BauxiteReserves 202569 million t bauxite (dry equivalent weight)#12 · 0.2%USGS MCS 2026
AluminaRefinery production 2025310,000 t alumina (calcined equivalent weight)#19 · 0.2%USGS MCS 2026
Phosphate rockMine production 20251.2 million t marketable phosphate rock (gross weight)#20 · 0.5%USGS MCS 2026
Phosphate rockReserves 202571 million t marketable phosphate rock (gross weight)#18 · 0.1%USGS MCS 2026
MolybdenumMine production 2020400 t Mo content—USGS MCS 2021
MolybdenumReserves 202352,000 t Mo content#11 · 0.3%USGS MCS 2024
LeadMine production 202570,000 t Pb content#11 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
LeadReserves 20251.6 million t Pb content#11 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
ThoriumResources 2014374,000 t Th—OECD-NEA/IAEA Red Book 2014 (Uranium 2014), Table 1.17
UraniumResources 202336,000 t U content#21 · 0.5%NEA/IAEA Red Book 2024 (Uranium 2024), Table 1.2a, <USD 260/kgU
Strontium (celestite)Mine production 20191,000 t celestite (gross weight)—USGS MCS 2020
Strontium (celestite)Reserves 20121 t celestite (gross weight)#2 · 0%USGS MCS 2013
SeleniumRefinery production 202543 t Se content (refined)#13 · 1%USGS MCS 2026
Magnesium metalRefinery production 202515,000 t primary magnesium metal (smelter production)#5 · 1%USGS MCS 2026
Iron oreMine production 202518 million t usable iron ore#15 · 0.7%USGS MCS 2026
Iron oreReserves 2025150 million t crude ore#17 · 0.1%USGS MCS 2026
Soda ashMine production 20256 million t sodium carbonate (natural)#2 · 32%USGS MCS 2026
Soda ashReserves 2025840 million t sodium carbonate (natural)#2 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
LimeRefinery production 20254 million t lime#10 · 1%USGS MCS 2026
FeldsparMine production 20255.3 million t feldspar#2 · 17%USGS MCS 2026
FeldsparReserves 2025720 million t feldspar—USGS MCS 2026
BentoniteMine production 20252.5 million t bentonite#3 · 13%USGS MCS 2026
Fuller's earthMine production 202530,000 t fuller's earth#7 · 0.7%USGS MCS 2026
KaolinMine production 20252 million t kaolin#8 · 4%USGS MCS 2026
DiatomiteMine production 2025150,000 t diatomite#5 · 6%USGS MCS 2026
DiatomiteReserves 202544 million t diatomite—USGS MCS 2026
GypsumMine production 202510 million t gypsum#6 · 6%USGS MCS 2026
GypsumReserves 2025200 million t gypsum—USGS MCS 2026
Iron oxide pigmentsMine production 2012100,000 t iron oxide pigments—USGS MCS 2013
Mica (scrap and flake)Mine production 20259,500 t scrap and flake mica#9 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
Mica (scrap and flake)Reserves 2025620,000 t scrap and flake mica—USGS MCS 2026
PerliteMine production 20251.4 million t perlite#2 · 30%USGS MCS 2026
PerliteReserves 202257 million t perlite—USGS MCS 2023
Pumice and pumiciteMine production 20259.7 million t pumice and pumicite#1 · 49%USGS MCS 2026
SaltMine production 20258.3 million t salt#8 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
Sand and gravel (industrial)Mine production 202514 million t industrial sand and gravel#4 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
Talc and pyrophylliteMine production 2025300,000 t talc and pyrophyllite#7 · 4%USGS MCS 2026
Talc and pyrophylliteReserves 202515 million t talc and pyrophyllite—USGS MCS 2026
VermiculiteMine production 202510,000 t vermiculite#9 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
VermiculiteReserves 202511 million t vermiculite—USGS MCS 2026
Zeolites (natural)Mine production 202558,000 t natural zeolites#8 · 4%USGS MCS 2026

Policies and export measures

Policy tracker →

  • 2026-09-07 · agreement

    TENMAK – Copenhagen Atomics memorandum of understanding on thorium for molten-salt reactors

    Türkiye's Energy, Nuclear and Mining Research Institution (TENMAK) signed an MoU with Danish molten-salt-reactor developer Copenhagen Atomics, witnessed by the Energy Minister. Priorities include R&D and project work to produce, in Türkiye, thorium compounds meeting nuclear-fuel standards for molten-salt reactors, with the stated aim of becoming an international supplier. An MoU is not a binding supply contract.

    Source: Anadolu Ajansı (state news agency), reporting a Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources statement

  • 2026-08-31 · incentive

    Presidential Decision No. 11690: urgent expropriation for the Eti Maden Beylikova thorium-barite-fluorite-REE licence area

    Authorises Eti Maden (state-owned) to expropriate land urgently in Sivrihisar and Beylikova districts (Eskişehir) for open pits, waste dumps, ore stockpiles, a tailings dam, industrial plants and infrastructure in licence area Sicil 1075, a Group IV licence for thorium, barite, fluorite and rare-earth elements described as "stratejik öneme sahip" (of strategic importance).

    Source: T.C. Resmî Gazete

  • 2026-08-19 · agreement

    Türkiye–Syria MoU on phosphate (MTA/MTAIC – Syrian General Establishment of Geology and Mineral Resources)

    Türkiye's General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) and MTAIC signed a phosphate memorandum of understanding with Syria's General Establishment of Geology and Mineral Resources during the Turkish energy minister's visit to Damascus. It provides for long-term cooperation in geoscience, mining and geothermal energy, with a focus on joint exploration, licensing, operation and downstream projects for phosphate, metallic ores and strategic and critical minerals, including phosphate-rock production and long-term offtake arrangements.

    Source: T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources)

  • 2026-06-19 · agreement

    Türkiye–Germany protocol expanding the Energy Partnership into an Energy and Minerals Partnership

    At the 7th Turkish-German Energy Forum in Ankara, the Turkish energy minister and the German Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy signed a forum protocol renaming the bilateral Energy Partnership and Energy Forum to include minerals. The ministry states the change reflects the growing strategic importance of critical minerals and raw materials, including rare earth elements.

    Source: T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources)

  • 2026-01-29 · agreement

    Türkiye–Uzbekistan MoU on developing cooperation in mining

    Türkiye's Minister of Energy and Natural Resources and Uzbekistan's Minister of Mining Industry and Geology signed a memorandum of understanding on developing cooperation in mining at the fourth meeting of the bilateral High-Level Strategic Cooperation Council in Ankara. The ministry states the MoU targets information sharing, research and development and concrete projects in critical minerals and rare earth elements.

    Source: T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources)

  • 2025-10-23 · agreement

    Türkiye–Oman MoU on cooperation in mining and critical minerals

    Türkiye's Minister of Energy and Natural Resources and Oman's Minister of Energy and Minerals signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperation in mining and critical minerals in Muscat during the Turkish President's state visit. It covers sharing data on licence areas and investment opportunities, promoting joint public and private investment in exploration and production, and exchanging expertise in mining, critical minerals and earth sciences.

    Source: T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources)

  • 2025-07-24 · stockpile

    Law No. 7554 (2025) amending Mining Law No. 3213: strategic and critical minerals and mandatory stockpiling

    Rewrites Article 8 of the Mining Law to define critical and strategic minerals, which the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources identifies after consulting the defence, industry and trade ministries, and allows expedited expropriation for their mining. The President may require licence holders to stockpile these minerals, up to 10% of the previous year's production.

    Source: Resmî Gazete (Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye) No. 32965

  • 2024-01-01 · incentive

    Twelfth Development Plan (2024–2028): strategic and critical minerals measures

    The plan commits to a national critical raw materials strategy, legal arrangements on strategic reserves, stocks and export restrictions for strategic and critical minerals, and promotion of higher value-added boron products. It also targets large-scale rare-earth and lithium production and supply cooperation with resource-rich countries for nickel, lithium, cobalt and rare earths.

    Source: T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı

  • 1983-06-13 · ban

    Law No. 2840: exploration and operation of boron reserved to the State

    Exploration and operation of boron salts, uranium and thorium deposits are reserved to the State, and earlier private licences for these minerals were cancelled (current wording from a 1994 amendment). Eti Maden, the state-owned company, carries out boron production and marketing under this law.

    Source: T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi (mevzuat.gov.tr)

Trade in critical minerals

Exports 2024$3.7 bn

  1. Copper$845 mto Bulgaria 51%, China 31%, Serbia 12% · 66 more
  2. Chromium$606 mto China 51%, Netherlands 9%, Sweden 8% · 58 more
  3. Zinc$439 mto Belgium 33%, South Korea 11%, China 11% · 46 more
  4. Aluminium$428 mto Greece 21%, Bulgaria 16%, Spain 10% · 83 more
  5. Boron*$395 mto China 27%, India 11%, United States of America 6% · 95 more
  6. Lead$238 mto China 51%, South Korea 25%, Germany 5% · 35 more
  7. Bauxite$180 mto China 74%, Canada 5%, United States of America 4% · 31 more
  8. Nickel$171 mto China 64%, Iran 11%, India 10% · 64 more

and 35 more commodities

Imports 2024$10 bn

  1. Aluminium$4.0 bnfrom United Arab Emirates 22%, Russia 20%, India 12% · 85 more
  2. Copper$3.5 bnfrom Kazakhstan 33%, Bulgaria 21%, Russia 14% · 60 more
  3. Zinc$803 mfrom Spain 32%, Iran 31%, Bulgaria 7% · 41 more
  4. Manganese*$432 mfrom Georgia 34%, India 28%, Norway 12% · 32 more
  5. Lead$254 mfrom Bulgaria 38%, Saudi Arabia 12%, Kazakhstan 8% · 31 more
  6. Phosphate rock$212 mfrom Morocco 83%, Algeria 6%, Tunisia 5% · 16 more
  7. Silicon$167 mfrom Iran 42%, China 18%, Russia 12% · 27 more
  8. Chromium$145 mfrom Russia 52%, South Africa 32%, India 7% · 24 more

and 37 more commodities

Trade values in current US dollars (ores, concentrates, intermediates, chemicals and refined metal), not prices. * Includes HS codes that also cover other products. Source: CEPII BACI (HS22), Etalab Open Licence 2.0 — details.

Fiscal regime for mining

InstrumentApplies toRateLegal basis
RoyaltyGoldDevlet hakkı (state right) by average gold price, 25 bands: 1% below USD 800/oz, +1 pp per ~USD 100 (wider bands above 2,100), 21% at 3,901-4,200, 23% at 4,501-4,800, 25% at >= USD 5,101/oz. Silver: 1% < USD 10/oz to 25% >= 67; platinum 1% < 500 to 25% >= 4,8011-25 sliding scalepithead sales price (ocak başı satış fiyatı) announced/checked by MAPEG; after beneficiation, sale price less transport, beneficiation and related depreciationMaden Kanunu (Mining Law) No. 3213, as amended (incl. Law 7164 of 14 Feb 2019 and Law 7554 of 19 Jul 2025) · Art. 14(e); Table (3)in force 2019-01-01
RoyaltyCopper, Lead, Zinc, Aluminium, UraniumTable (3) bands: copper 1% < USD 5,000/t to 25% >= 17,901; lead 1% < 1,000 to 25% >= 8,526; zinc 1% < 1,000 to 25% >= 11,751; aluminium 1% < 1,000 to 25% >= 7,451; uranium oxide 1% < USD 20/lb to 25% >= 451. Copper, lead, zinc, aluminium attract the +25% uplift of Presidential Decision 4384; 75% of the state right is waived when Group IV(c) ores are smelted to metal in integrated plants in Türkiye1-25 sliding scalepithead sales price (ocak başı satış fiyatı) announced/checked by MAPEG; after beneficiation, sale price less transport, beneficiation and related depreciationMaden Kanunu (Mining Law) No. 3213, as amended (incl. Law 7164 of 14 Feb 2019 and Law 7554 of 19 Jul 2025) · Art. 14(e); Table (3)in force 2019-01-01
RoyaltyAll mineralsOther Group IV (metallic and energy) minerals 3% (e.g. chromium since Law 7554 removed it from Table 3, iron, nickel, rare earths); radioactive minerals other than uranium oxide 8%; Group III salts 1% (other Group III 5%); Group I and II industrial/construction minerals 4%, natural stone 4.5%; Group V (precious stones) 4%; underground mines pay 50% of the state right3%pithead sales price (ocak başı satış fiyatı) announced/checked by MAPEG; after beneficiation, sale price less transport, beneficiation and related depreciationMaden Kanunu (Mining Law) No. 3213, as amended (incl. Law 7164 of 14 Feb 2019 and Law 7554 of 19 Jul 2025) · Art. 14(a)-(f)in force 2019-01-01
Corporate income tax (mining)All mineralsGeneral corporate tax rate; banks, financial and insurance companies and BOT/PPP contractors 30%. No mining-specific rate; the state right (Devlet hakkı) is separate (regimes.csv). Investment-incentive certificates can grant reduced rates (Art. 32/A)25%kurum kazancı (corporate income)Kurumlar Vergisi Kanunu No. 5520 (as amended, consolidated text on mevzuat.gov.tr) · Art. 32(1)
OtherAll mineralsDomestic minimum corporate tax: corporate tax computed under Arts. 32 and 32/A may not be less than 10% of corporate income before deductions and exemptions10%corporate income before exemptions and deductions (with listed exclusions)Kurumlar Vergisi Kanunu No. 5520, Art. 32/C added by Law 7524 (28 Jul 2024) · Art. 32/Cin force 2024-07-28

Rates and terms as set in the cited law or regulation; agreements with individual projects can differ. Not legal or tax advice.

Deals and financing (1)

  1. 2023-05-08 · Acquisition · signed · US$270 m

    SSR Mining → Lidya Madencilik (Lidya Mines) · Hod Maden gold-copper project (Artvin)

    SSR Mining agreed to acquire up to 40% of and operatorship in the Hod Maden gold-copper project in northeastern Türkiye from Lidya Mines for USD 270 million: USD 120 million upfront for 10% plus USD 150 million in earn-in milestone payments.

    official release

Mines and facilities (67)

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