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Indonesia

Open in the explorerOrganisations (24)Events

Production, refining and reserves

CommodityMetricValueWorld rank · shareSource
CobaltMine production 202544,000 t Co content#2 · 14%USGS MCS 2026
CobaltRefinery production 20256,169 t Co content—IEA Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (Critical Minerals Dataset, July 2026)
CobaltReserves 2025760,000 t Co content#4 · 6%USGS MCS 2026
CopperMine production 2025710,000 t Cu content#9 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
CopperRefinery production 2025400,000 t Cu content#14 · 1%USGS MCS 2026
CopperReserves 202521 million t Cu content#10 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
NickelMine production 20252.6 million t Ni content#1 · 67%USGS MCS 2026
NickelRefinery production 20251.68 million t Ni content—IEA Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (Critical Minerals Dataset, July 2026)
NickelReserves 202562 million t Ni content#1 · 44%USGS MCS 2026
ManganeseMine production 202341,000 t manganese ore (gross weight)#22 · 0.1%USGS Minerals Yearbook 2023 (manganese), table 6
TinMine production 202561,000 t Sn content#2 · 21%USGS MCS 2026
TinReserves 20251.4 million t Sn content#1 · 23%USGS MCS 2026
ZincMine production 202310,000 t Zn content#40 · 0.1%USGS Minerals Yearbook 2023 (zinc, tables-only release), table 16
BauxiteMine production 202510 million t bauxite (dry equivalent weight)#6 · 2%USGS MCS 2026
BauxiteReserves 20252,900 million t bauxite (dry equivalent weight)#4 · 10%USGS MCS 2026
AluminaRefinery production 20251.5 million t alumina (calcined equivalent weight)#10 · 1%USGS MCS 2026
UraniumResources 20238,600 t U content#38 · 0.1%NEA/IAEA Red Book 2024 (Uranium 2024), Table 1.2a, <USD 260/kgU
Zirconium (zircon)Mine production 202552,000 t zircon mineral concentrates (gross weight)#7 · 4%USGS MCS 2026
Zirconium (zircon)Reserves 20253.4 million t ZrO2 content#3 · 5%USGS MCS 2026
GoldMine production 202590 t Au content#11 · 3%USGS MCS 2026
GoldReserves 20253,600 t Au content#4 · 5%USGS MCS 2026
IodineMine production 202550 t I content#6 · 0.1%USGS MCS 2026
IodineReserves 2021100,000 t I content#6 · 2%USGS MCS 2022
Nitrogen (ammonia)Refinery production 20256 million t N content (ammonia)#5 · 4%USGS MCS 2026
Pumice and pumiciteMine production 2023200,000 t pumice and pumicite—USGS MCS 2024
Sand and gravel (industrial)Mine production 20253.5 million t industrial sand and gravel#18 · 0.8%USGS MCS 2026
Zeolites (natural)Mine production 2025120,000 t natural zeolites#6 · 9%USGS MCS 2026

Policies and export measures

Policy tracker →

  • 2025-03-19 · export control

    Law No. 2/2025 (fourth amendment to the Mineral and Coal Mining Law)

    Fourth amendment to Law 4/2009. Requires production-stage permit holders to meet domestic needs before exporting, allows priority award of metal-mineral mining areas to SOEs and private firms for downstream processing, and adds priority allocation to cooperatives, SMEs, religious-organisation enterprises and universities.

    Source: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (JDIH ESDM)

  • 2025-03-05 · export control

    Permen ESDM No. 6/2025 amending Permen 6/2024 (force-majeure copper concentrate export allowance)

    Amendment letting a copper IUPK holder whose completed refinery cannot operate because of force majeure export limited quantities of processed copper during repairs. A one-off ministerial recommendation valid up to six months is required before a trade-ministry export approval, together with minimum processing and export duty conditions.

    Source: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (JDIH ESDM)

  • 2024-06-01 · export control

    Permen ESDM No. 6/2024 on completion of domestic metal-mineral refineries (export window extended to 31 Dec 2024)

    Replaces Permen 7/2023 for copper, iron, lead and zinc permit holders whose refineries entered commissioning by 31 May 2024. They may export limited quantities of processed products, and copper anode slime, until 31 December 2024, subject to export duty and minimum processing thresholds.

    Source: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (JDIH ESDM)

  • 2023-06-11 · export control

    Permen ESDM No. 7/2023 on continuation of domestic metal-mineral refinery construction (processed-concentrate export window to 31 May 2024)

    Ministerial regulation allowing holders of production-stage permits for copper, iron, lead and zinc that are building refineries (at least 50% progress by 31 Jan 2023) to export limited quantities of processed products and anode slime until 31 May 2024, with export recommendations and duty. Issued as the Law 3/2020 three-year window closed in June 2023.

    Source: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (JDIH ESDM)

  • 2020-06-10 · export control

    Law No. 3/2020 amending the Mineral and Coal Mining Law (3-year window for unrefined metal mineral exports)

    Amends Law 4/2009 on mineral and coal mining. New Article 170A lets metal-mineral permit holders that refine, are building refining capacity, or partner with a refiner export limited quantities of certain unrefined metal mineral products for at most three years from entry into force, subject to export duty; after that window raw exports end.

    Source: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (JDIH ESDM)

  • 2020-01-01 · ban

    Reinstated ban on exports of unprocessed (direct-shipping) nickel ore

    Indonesia brought forward by two years the reinstatement of its ban on direct-shipping nickel ore exports, after relaxed enforcement since 2017 while domestic processing capacity expanded.

    Source: U.S. Geological Survey

Trade in critical minerals

Exports 2024$39 bn

  1. Nickel$23 bnto China 87%, Japan 5%, India 2% · 28 more
  2. Copper$11 bnto China 27%, Japan 21%, South Korea 10% · 32 more
  3. Alumina$1.9 bnto Malaysia 30%, India 25%, Russia 22% · 20 more
  4. Tin$1.7 bnto China 26%, India 19%, Singapore 12% · 39 more
  5. Aluminium$988 mto China 46%, Vietnam 10%, South Korea 7% · 36 more
  6. Manganese*$153 mto China 46%, Japan 17%, South Korea 12% · 32 more
  7. Zirconium (zircon)$140 mto China 51%, India 30%, Netherlands 4% · 20 more
  8. Zinc$29 mto China 66%, India 20%, Japan 5% · 8 more

and 27 more commodities

Imports 2024$6.5 bn

  1. Chromium$1.2 bnfrom South Africa 66%, Kazakhstan 24%, Türkiye 3% · 15 more
  2. Potash$874 mfrom Russia 41%, Canada 38%, Belarus 8% · 18 more
  3. Aluminium$844 mfrom Australia 18%, United Arab Emirates 15%, United States of America 12% · 56 more
  4. Copper$826 mfrom Japan 50%, Australia 20%, Philippines 13% · 24 more
  5. Nickel$525 mfrom Philippines 84%, South Africa 9%, China 4% · 23 more
  6. Alumina$490 mfrom Vietnam 59%, Australia 25%, China 9% · 23 more
  7. Manganese*$313 mfrom China 24%, Malaysia 21%, India 20% · 20 more
  8. Zinc$294 mfrom Australia 31%, South Korea 22%, India 19% · 45 more

and 35 more commodities

Trade values in current US dollars (ores, concentrates, intermediates, chemicals and refined metal), not prices. * Includes HS codes that also cover other products. Source: CEPII BACI (HS22), Etalab Open Licence 2.0 — details.

Fiscal regime for mining

InstrumentApplies toRateLegal basis
RoyaltyNickelNickel ore by HMA (USD/t Ni): 14% < 18,000; 15% 18,000-21,000; 16% 21,000-24,000; 18% 24,000-31,000; 19% >= 31,000 (whole-value step rates). Ore with Ni <= 1.5% for domestic EV-battery industry 2%14-19 sliding scaleprice (Harga) of the product sold, per unit, per the PP (reference-price based)Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis PNBP yang Berlaku pada Kementerian ESDM (LN 2025 No. 43), Lampiran · Lampiran, item e.3)a)in force 2025-04-26
RoyaltyNickelRefined nickel products: NPI 5%-7%, nickel matte 3.5%-5.5%, ferronickel 4%-6% (same HMA bands); MHP, nickel oxide/hydroxide/sulphide, cobalt and chromium oxides/compounds 2%; nickel metal 1.5%1.5-7 sliding scaleprice (Harga) of the product sold, per unit, per the PP (reference-price based)Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis PNBP yang Berlaku pada Kementerian ESDM (LN 2025 No. 43), Lampiran · Lampiran, item e.3)b)in force 2025-04-26
RoyaltyCopperCopper ore by HMA (USD/t Cu): 10% < 7,000; 13% 7,000-8,500; 15% 8,500-10,000; 17% >= 10,00010-17 sliding scaleprice (Harga) of the product sold, per unit, per the PP (reference-price based)Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis PNBP yang Berlaku pada Kementerian ESDM (LN 2025 No. 43), Lampiran · Lampiran, item e.5)a)in force 2025-04-26
RoyaltyCopperCopper concentrate (Cu content): 7% < 7,000; 7.5% 7,000-8,500; 8% 8,500-10,000; 10% >= 10,000; copper cathode 4%-7% on the same bands7-10 sliding scaleprice (Harga) of the product sold, per unit, per the PP (reference-price based)Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis PNBP yang Berlaku pada Kementerian ESDM (LN 2025 No. 43), Lampiran · Lampiran, item e.5)b)-c)in force 2025-04-26
RoyaltyGoldPrimary gold and by-product gold (in ore, concentrate, anode slime, lead bullion) by HMA (USD/oz): 7% < 1,800; 10% 1,800-2,000; 11% 2,000-2,200; 12% 2,200-2,500; 14% 2,500-2,700; 15% 2,700-3,000; 16% >= 3,0007-16 sliding scaleprice (Harga) of the product sold, per unit, per the PP (reference-price based)Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis PNBP yang Berlaku pada Kementerian ESDM (LN 2025 No. 43), Lampiran · Lampiran, items e.5)-6)in force 2025-04-26
RoyaltySilverPrimary silver and by-product silver5%price (Harga) of the product sold, per unit, per the PP (reference-price based)Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis PNBP yang Berlaku pada Kementerian ESDM (LN 2025 No. 43), Lampiran · Lampiran, items e.5)-7)in force 2025-04-26
RoyaltyTinTin metal by HMA (USD/t): 3% < 20,000; 5% 20,000-30,000; 7.5% 30,000-40,000; 10% >= 40,000; tin slag (W/Ta/Nb/Sb) 1%3-10 sliding scaleprice (Harga) of the product sold, per unit, per the PP (reference-price based)Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis PNBP yang Berlaku pada Kementerian ESDM (LN 2025 No. 43), Lampiran · Lampiran, item e.8)in force 2025-04-26
RoyaltyBauxiteBauxite 7%; chemical/smelter-grade alumina 3%; aluminium metal 2%; gallium oxide 1%7%price (Harga) of the product sold, per unit, per the PP (reference-price based)Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis PNBP yang Berlaku pada Kementerian ESDM (LN 2025 No. 43), Lampiran · Lampiran, item e.9)in force 2025-04-26
RoyaltyZinc, LeadZinc and lead concentrates 4%; lead bullion 3%4%price (Harga) of the product sold, per unit, per the PP (reference-price based)Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis PNBP yang Berlaku pada Kementerian ESDM (LN 2025 No. 43), Lampiran · Lampiran, item e.10)in force 2025-04-26
RoyaltyManganeseManganese ore 10%; manganese concentrate 5%; ferromanganese/silicomanganese 3%; manganese compounds/metal 2%10%price (Harga) of the product sold, per unit, per the PP (reference-price based)Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis PNBP yang Berlaku pada Kementerian ESDM (LN 2025 No. 43), Lampiran · Lampiran, item e.4)in force 2025-04-26
RoyaltyIron oreIron ore 10%; iron concentrate and pellets 5%; sponge iron 3%; pig iron/alloys 2% (iron sand follows the same pattern)10%price (Harga) of the product sold, per unit, per the PP (reference-price based)Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis PNBP yang Berlaku pada Kementerian ESDM (LN 2025 No. 43), Lampiran · Lampiran, item e.1)-2)in force 2025-04-26
RoyaltyZirconium (zircon), Titanium (ilmenite), Titanium (rutile), Lithium, Rare earthsZircon/ilmenite/rutile 4%; spodumene 3%; monazite-xenotime compounds and REO (>= 99%) 1%4%price (Harga) of the product sold, per unit, per the PP (reference-price based)Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 Tahun 2025 tentang Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis PNBP yang Berlaku pada Kementerian ESDM (LN 2025 No. 43), Lampiran · Lampiran, item e.8)c)-f)in force 2025-04-26
Corporate income tax (mining)All mineralsGeneral rate for domestic corporate taxpayers and permanent establishments from tax year 2022; listed companies with >= 40% free float meeting PP 55/2022 conditions pay 19%. Holders of IUPK issued as continuation of contracts of work may have rates fixed in their licence (not read)22%penghasilan kena pajak (taxable income)UU No. 7/1983 tentang Pajak Penghasilan, Pasal 17 ayat (1) huruf b, as amended by UU No. 7/2021 tentang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan (HPP) · Pasal 17(1)(b)in force 2022-01-01

Rates and terms as set in the cited law or regulation; agreements with individual projects can differ. Not legal or tax advice.

Deals and financing (14)

  1. 2026-04-28 · Project finance · signed · US$450 m

    PT Bank Negara Indonesia (lead) and syndicate → Nickel Industries Limited · Corporate refinancing (Indonesian nickel operations)

    Nickel Industries signed USD 450 million of unsecured syndicated facilities led by BNI - a USD 350 million term loan and USD 100 million revolver - to refinance existing bank debt.

    official release

  2. 2026-01-30 · Strategic partnership · announced

    HYD Investment Limited (Huayou 70% / EVE Energy / PT DAAZ Bara Lestari) → PT Aneka Tambang Tbk (ANTAM); PT Industri Baterai Indonesia (IBC) · Indonesian EV battery value chain (ore supplied by ANTAM subsidiaries)

    A Huayou-led joint company signed a framework agreement with Indonesian state firms ANTAM and IBC to cooperate across the EV battery value chain in Indonesia, with ore supplied by ANTAM subsidiaries.

    official release

  3. 2026-01-30 · Equity investment · completed

    Sphere (strategic partner) → Nickel Industries / Shanghai Decent (ENC project) · ENC HPAL project (IMIP, Morowali)

    Sphere, an accredited SpaceX supplier, completed the purchase of 10% of the ENC nickel HPAL project at a USD 2.4 billion valuation; Nickel Industries will lift its stake to 46%.

    official release

  4. 2025-04-09 · Strategic partnership · signed

    GEM Co., Ltd. → EcoPro Co., Ltd.; EcoPro BM Co., Ltd. · International Green Industrial Park (IGIP), Sambalagi, Morowali

    GEM and EcoPro signed a strategic cooperation agreement to jointly build the International Green Industrial Park in Morowali, Indonesia, covering nickel, precursor and cathode production with partners including PT Vale.

    official release

  5. 2024-11-10 · Joint venture · announced

    GEM Co., Ltd. → PT Vale Indonesia Tbk · HPAL plant processing PT Vale ore (Central Sulawesi)

    GEM and PT Vale Indonesia signed a project investment framework agreement, witnessed by Indonesia's president, to build an HPAL plant in Central Sulawesi turning ore from a PT Vale block into MHP, with possible precursor and cathode plants.

    official release

  6. 2024-08-26 · Acquisition · signed

    Nickel Industries Limited → Owners of Sampala Project IUPs · Sampala nickel laterite project (Sulawesi)

    Nickel Industries signed conditional share purchase agreements to acquire three contiguous nickel mining licences (the Sampala project) with an initial resource of 187 Mt at 1.2% Ni.

    official release

  7. 2024-08-12 · Acquisition · signed · US$162.82 m

    Hongsheng International Resources (Chengtun Mining Group) → Huayou Holding (Hong Kong) Limited · PT Youshan Nickel Indonesia (via Huawei Nickel)

    Chengtun Mining agreed to buy Huayou Holding (Hong Kong)'s 45% of Huawei Nickel for about USD 162.8 million, raising its indirect interest in PT Youshan Nickel Indonesia to 65%.

    official release

  8. 2024-02-26 · Acquisition · completed · US$160 m

    PT Mineral Industri Indonesia (MIND ID) → Vale Canada Ltd; Sumitomo Metal Mining · PT Vale Indonesia (Sorowako, Pomalaa, Bahodopi)

    Vale and Sumitomo Metal Mining signed a definitive agreement to sell 14% of PT Vale Indonesia to state miner MIND ID, which becomes the largest shareholder at about 34%, fulfilling Indonesia's divestment rule and supporting the licence extension.

    official release

  9. 2023-10-11 · Project finance · signed · US$400 m

    PT Bank Negara Indonesia (BNI) → Nickel Industries Limited · ENC HPAL project (IMIP, Morowali)

    Nickel Industries took a final investment decision on the ENC HPAL project in Indonesia and signed five-year USD 400 million financing facilities with state-owned Bank Negara Indonesia to fund its 55% stake.

    official release

  10. 2023-09-24 · Joint venture · signed · US$600 m

    GEM Co., Ltd. (GEM Hong Kong; GEM Singapore) → PT Sulawesi Industri Parama (PT Merdeka Battery Materials) · PT ESG New Energy Material 30 kt/y Ni HPAL at IMIP

    GEM and Merdeka Battery Materials signed a joint venture agreement for PT ESG New Energy Material to build a 30,000 t/y nickel HPAL intermediate plant at IMIP, with construction capex of up to USD 600 million.

    official release

and 4 earlier deals

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